Employers Expand Worker Tracking; Data Shared With Brokers

Employers Expand Worker Tracking; Data Shared With Brokers

The News

Thousands of American employers are using digital tools to monitor where workers are, how fast they finish tasks and what they say — and some of the most common programs have quietly passed worker data to outside companies.

An investigation by Vanderbilt University, Northeastern University and the University of California at Berkeley found that some of the most widely used workplace monitoring programs shared names, email addresses and other personal worker data with hundreds of outside data brokers and technology companies without clearly disclosing the practice.

The Associated Press reported Thursday on the spread of the tools, which can track locations, collect data on task completion rates, and access the cameras on work-issued smartphones and laptops — reaching into workers' own homes.

How Far It Goes

Pharmacist Lannie Duong said her employer at a medical clinic tracked the length of her phone calls and appointments, then questioned in performance evaluations why she spent so long with each patient. Her work involved patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, and she often used interpreters for patients with limited English.

"Everything was counted. How many minutes you're on the phone. The minutiae of it was ridiculous," Duong said. "We're just tasked to do what feels like the impossible."

Duong said the pressure left her feeling "not trusted, not appreciated, almost completely hopeless." She went on medical leave, began volunteering with other pharmacists to organize a union, and says her employment was terminated after the leave.

Arianna Anaya, teaching a college writing class, discovered that an administrator was reading the papers her students uploaded to the school's learning management software along with the comments she wrote on them. The students often wrote about intimate subjects, including abuse, eating disorders and family trauma.

"The school essentially used the online learning system to allow administrators and staff to read student work that was often immensely private and personal, something we were specifically told students should not know about," Anaya said. A colleague who printed out her comments criticized her casual tone with students and accused her of not sticking to the syllabus. Her teaching contract was not renewed a few months later, though she says she does not know the exact reason.

In warehouses, scanners on conveyor belts monitor the pace of workers to make sure they inspect hundreds of items an hour.

Timeline

Employers have always monitored workers, but the current wave of digital tools was adopted widely during the coronavirus pandemic and remains in place.

Advances in artificial intelligence and data science since then let employers build extensive data sets, or "dossiers," on workers, said Wilneida Negron, director of research and policy at Coworker, a nonprofit that helps workers organize.

Researchers at Vanderbilt, Northeastern and UC Berkeley documented the data-sharing by common monitoring programs.

On Aug. 20, 2026, the AP published interviews with data privacy experts and closely monitored workers about the risks and what employees can do.

Reactions

Negron said the burden falls hardest on the people with the least leverage. "Oftentimes, the workers with the least amount of power in the labor markets tend to be testing grounds for some of the more intrusive forms of data collection," she said. Many employers use the tools transparently and involve employee boards in reviewing them, she said, but others track, rank and score employees in ways workers never see.

"Workers are going to have to come together because the forces of centralizing this kind of tracking and monitoring are moving too fast," Negron said.

Hayley Tsukayama, director of state affairs at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, said some workers are pushing back on tools that time how long tasks take, arguing the monitoring contributes to injuries. Her blunt advice: "Unfortunately, if you are on a machine that's been issued by your workplace, you should expect that there's some type of monitoring."

Aiha Nguyen, director of the Labor Futures Initiative at Data and Society, said common programs such as Microsoft Office and Zoom include productivity-tracking features that are not always switched on — and that workers often cannot tell when they are. "It's automatic. It's considered something that employers have been able to say, 'This is necessary for work. You have to use these tools,'" she said.

What the Law Says

Some states, including New York, Connecticut, Delaware and Maine, require employers to notify workers that they are being monitored. Maine goes further, barring visual monitoring in employees' homes or personal vehicles unless that observation is required for the duties of the job, said Edward Halle, a privacy and AI compliance manager.

"The question becomes, what does the law mean by 'the duties of the job'?" Halle said. "A telehealth nurse needs a camera; the camera is the job. A productivity webcam bolted onto ordinary desk work almost certainly isn't. Where that line falls is the first thing the Department of Labor will be asked to sort out."

In states with no notification requirement, the experts said, it is difficult for a worker to learn whether an employer is monitoring performance at all.

What's Next

Halle expects the Department of Labor to be asked to draw the line on when visual monitoring counts as a job requirement.

Tsukayama recommended workers raise the issue through a union where one exists, and otherwise approach managers individually with a curious tone — asking how the information is used inside the company and how it might get out of it.

Nguyen said the first question to ask is what specific employee data the organization collects, and that the IT department may know when a manager does not, since IT staff are often the ones turning the features on. Experts also advise keeping family matters and sensitive personal information, such as medical conditions, off work devices.

More

The through line in each case is that the monitoring was invisible until it was used against someone: a pharmacist marked down for the minutes she spent with patients, an adjunct whose private feedback to students was read by an administrator, warehouse workers clocked item by item. The tools spread during the pandemic, the data can travel to hundreds of outside firms, and in most states no one is required to tell a worker any of it is happening.

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